Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

M. Kouhsari ¹, D. Nagaraju ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-560008, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Assessment of suitability of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes was carried out in Vel river basin, Maharashtra, India. The study area covers an area of 44.23 km² and lies on the northern side of Pune. Groundwater is the major source for drinking and agricultural activity in this area. Groundwater samples were collected from 15 wells during pre-monsoon period in the year 2012. The water samples were analysed for physical and chemical characteristics. Suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on salinity hazard, sodium percent, sodium adsorption ratio, US salinity diagram, Gibbs diagram, Kelly's ratio and permeability index. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total hardness, Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl^-, HCO₃^-,CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, and NO₃^- were determined. Interpretation of analytical data shows that mixed Ca- Mg-Cl, Ca-Cl, and Na-Cl are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area. The results of analysis were compared with the water quality standards of Indian Standard Institute (ISI), and World Health Organization (WHO). The overall groundwater quality is suitable for drinking purposes and for irrigation purpose which was evaluated by calculating Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), resulting in SAR values less than 10 for all dug wells. The systematic planning of groundwater exploitation using modern technology is essential for the proper utilization of this precious natural resource. Information from this study could be used for effective identification of suitable locations for extraction of potable water for rural population.

Keywords

Drinking Water, Groundwater Quality, Water Quality Standards, Vel River Basin.

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G. Mahadevaswamy ¹, D. Nagaraju ¹, C. Papanna ¹, P. C. Nagesh ², Krishna Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Bangalore, Bangalore-570 001, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on hydrology of Nanjanagud taluk. For detailed study, data for preparing DEM, aspect grid and slope maps, geographic information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The study reveals that the elongated shape of the area is mainly due to guiding effect of thrusting and faulting. In all 41 sub-basins in Nanjangud taluk have been selected for the study. Quantitative morphometric analysis has been carried out for linear, relief and aerial aspects for all the sub-basins. The streams up to fourth order can be seen in all the sub-basins. The morphometric analysis reveals that Hullahalli sub-basin has lower value of drainage density, stream frequency, elongation ratio, relief ratio and infiltration number indicating highly permeable sub-soil materials under dense vegetation cover. Except Hullahalli sub-basin, all the other sub-basins show fractured, resistant, permeable rocks and drainage network seems to be not affected by tectonic disturbances.

Keywords

Morphometric Analysis, Drainage Characteristics, Nanjanagud Taluk, Sub-Basins, GIS.

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Artimes Ghassemi Dehnavi ¹, Ramin Sarikhani ², D. Nagaraju ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Mining, Safashahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Safashahr, IR
2 Department of Geology, University of Lorestan, Khoramabad, IR
3 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, IN

Abstract

Contamination of the environment by arsenic is one of the major environmental problems. Arsenic is usually present in small amounts in all rocks, soil, dust, water, air and biological tissues. However, the knowledge of its source, pathways and hydrogeochemistry are still matters of research and study. The aim of present study is the arsenic occurrence in sediments and groundwater in the south eastern Kurdistan, Iran that has caused serious health problems in rural population in the area, especially children, who are running the risk of hazardous effects of arsenic compounds in environment. The goal of this paper is to present objective and systematic data on this problem in south eastern of Kurdistan, Iran. Chemical analyses of groundwater and sediment samples indicate high levels in near alteration rocks.

Keywords

Hazardous Materials, Environmental Problems, Arsenic, Alteration Rocks.

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D. Nagaraju ¹, C. Papanna ¹, G. Mahadevaswamy ¹, H. T. Lakshmikanth Raju ¹, P. C. Nagesh ², Krishna Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore-560 056, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Land use, land cover, and soil texture studies are important for watershed characteristics. Most of the hydrological phenomenon depend upon these characteristics. Remote sensing is a powerful spin-off from space exploitation, and it has emerged as a tool for watershed characteristics, planning and management in recent times. The integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS has capabilities of data explanation, storage, retrieval and manipulation, and plays an important role for systematic analysis of various lithological, geomorphological, soil hydrological and land use characterization following the synoptic and multi-spectral coverage of terrain. In the present study, IRS-IB, 26 January 2004 satellite data have been analyzed in conjunction with topographical data of Harve watershed for land use, land cover and soil texture studies of a watershed under the GIS environment.

Keywords

Remote Sensing, GIS, Storage Retrieval, Harve Watershed.

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D. Nagaraju ¹, C. Papanna ¹, G. Mahadevaswamy ¹, H. T. Lakshmikanth Raju ¹, P. C. Nagesh ², Krishna Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore-560 056, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Microwatershed covering Kuderu, Dasanur and other adjoining villages was selected for a detailed accounting of the groundwater budget. Groundwater is the main source of water for agriculture and livestock. The net annual recharge available for minor irrigation is estimated at 438 ham thereby reaching grey category. Further exploration without recharging the groundwater body needs vigilance. Construction of artificial recharge structures are suggested. The quality of water is generally suited for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Keywords

Kabini River Basin, Groundwater Quality, Artificial Recharge.

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D. Nagaraju ¹, G. Mahadevaswamy ¹, S. Siddalingamurthy ¹, P. C. Nagesh ¹, Krishna Rao ², G. V. Pankaja ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Mathematics, N.I.E. College, Mysore, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

While water supply is a crucial issue, there is an evidence to suggest that the quality of groundwater supplies is also under threat in recent years. This is the result of salinisation and increasing trend of groundwater exploitation and heterogeneous terrain condition of hard rock area posing major problem in groundwater exploration. Groundwater exploitation has been on the rise in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. Competing demands have grown in face of perennial water shortages, a situation which has been exaggerated by drought condition in the past decade. Integrated and environmentally sustainable development strategies have become inevitable for micro-level planning these days. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for spatial analysis and integration. Geomedia Professional 5.1 GIS software was adopted in this process. The ranked maps were spatially integrated and the district area was divided into very good, good, moderate and low groundwater potential zones. Aquifer thickness map was generated by intersection of well inventory, sub-surface geological, geophysical and groundwater potential data. Based on aquifer thickness, aquifer was categorized into deep aquifer, shallow aquifer and moderately deep aquifer. By combining groundwater potential zone and aquifer thickness, the watershed area was reclassified into eleven priority zones, recommended for different agricultural practices, groundwater development and management of aquifer recharge.

Keywords

Groundwater Development, Remote Sensing, GIS, Salinization, Drought Prone Area.

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D. Nagaraju ¹, C. Papanna ¹, P. C. Nagesh ¹, Krishna Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Deptt. of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

The groundwater recharge assessment studies in Nagamangala taluk in Mandya district were carried out based on geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. In this connection satellite images (IRS-IA LISS+PAN+Wifs Image) and aerial plots were subjected to several treatment processes using software like ERDAS imagine and ESRI's Arc view. Thus, various thematic maps have been prepared for drainage density, lineaments, lithology and land cover/land use that allowed deciding their interactive effect. In the present study, the degree of effect was determined for each factor to assess the total groundwater recharge potentiality for two categories (moderate rate to low). The resultant map shows that 85% of the area has low and rest has moderate groundwater recharge potentiality. Finally, only 8.6% of the total average annual precipitated water (1685 mm) percolates into subsurface and ultimately contributes to recharge the groundwater.

Keywords

Groundwater Recharge, GIS, Remote Sensing, Recharge Potential, Nagamanagal Taluk.

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D. Nagaraju ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

The quality of ground water in the Kabini river basin, covering an area of 7040 sq km₂ in Karnataka, has been studied based on the composition of one hundred sixty one borewell water samples. An attempt has been made to classify the ground water by various methods. According to Bureau of Indian Standards, 97% of the water samples in the study basin are within the desirable to permissible limit. 93% of the samples fall in C₂-S₁ class of USSL diagram. According to Wilcox diagram, 91% of samples fall within the excellent to permissible classes. In the Hill-Piper diagram, majority of the groundwater samples fall in the Ca, Mg-CO₃, HCO₃, and Na, K-CO₃, HCO₃ hydrochemical facies. This has been attributed to highly weathered and fractured nature of the basement rocks. By plotting on modified Hill-Piper diagram, it is found that majority of the samples have non-carbonate hardness with a salinity ranging from 2.5 to 23 epm. It is inferred that groundwater of the area has low sodium hazard and low to medium salinity. The range of dissolved components, the values of SAR and residual sodium carbonate indicate that 97% of the water samples of the basin are suitable for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes.

Keywords

Kabini River Basin, Wilcox Diagram, USSL Diagram, Groundwater Quality, Hydrochemical Facies, Non-CO₃ Hardness, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, RSC.

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